ETIKA dan STEREOTYPE
Image source: ylcf.org
Oleh Beni Bevly
Banyak yang aku dapati dari belajar di Cap Kauw atau SMA Negeri 19, daerah Perniagaan, Jakarta. Guru PMP dan geografi mengajar dengan tidak pernah membawa buku pegangan, tetapi mereka bisa menerangkan secara akurat apa yang ada di buku pegangan yang kami pakai. Guru bahas Indonesia dan Akuntansi adalah perancang kurikulum SMA nasional. Kepala sekolah Cap Kauw adalah penulis buku pegangan mata pelajaran ekonomi. Ada juga dari mereka yang lulusan UI. Banyak dari mereka adalah pengajar tradisional yang mewarisi sistem ajaran Cina. Konon, menurut angkatan yang lebih tua, Cap Kauw adalah terusan dari sekolah Cina sebelum tahun 1965. Ke-Cinaannya masih terpantul dari kursi dan meja di kantor staf pengajar yang berukirin karakter Cina.
Di samping keunggulan di atas, di Cap Kauw jugalah aku mulai mengenal hal-hal yang negatif dan tidak etis. Ada guru yang mengajar sambil tidur. Ada juga yang mendiktekan mata pelajaran matematika untuk dicatat murid. Juga ada seorang guru muda yang menarik tali BH teman perempuanku dan dijepretkan ke punggung pemakainya.
Dari sesama murid, aku mengenal dan hafal kata-kata seperti “ci bai” dan “lan ciau” dan kata-kata kotor lainnya dalam bahasa Cina Hokkian, daerah Jakarta dan Indonesia. Hampir setiap kalimat yang diucapkan sekelompok temanku, menyebutkan salah satu kedua kata itu. Contohnya, “Elu kayak ci bai aja, gua udah tungguin elu dari tadi. Kemana aja elu?”
Hal di atas jelas melanggar kesopanan dan etika, jika diteruskan maka moral dan hukum akan dilanggar. Agaknya etika yang diremehkan ini, telah membuat masyarakat Indonesia terjerumus ke dalam perbuatan illegal. Sebagai anggota keluarga yang bedagang di Tanah Abang, bukan suatu rahasia lagi jika dikatakan bahwa Medan Kui adalah penipu, hati-hati dengan cek kosong mereka. Hati-hati dengan tukang panggul Fan Kui, jika meleng maka barang danganmu akan lenyap. Keluarga kami menjadi objek cek kosong dan lenyapnya barang dangangan beberapa kali. Kenyataan seperti ini menjadi strereotype dan stereotype menjadi kenyataan.
Mana yang disebut etis atau tidak bagiku menjadi jelas ketika aku mengukiti kuliah Pengantar Hukum di Universitas Indonesia. Di kuliah umum yang berjumlah kurang lebih 400 mahasiswa itu, dosen itu mengajukan kasus untuk kami pelajari. Kasus tersebut adalah:
Untuk menutupi kekurangannya, seseorang bungkuk berfoto sambil naik kuda dan orang sumbing befoto sambil tersenyum dan menutupi mulutnya.
Mungkin kasus di atas tidak melanggar hukum, tetapi dati segi etika, ini adalah perbuatan yang tidak etis.
Untuk jelasnya di bawah adalah beberapa contoh tindakan yang bisa jadi legal tetapi jelas tidak etis (Brumback, G. Institutionalizing Ethics in Government, Public Personnel Management 20, no. 3 (1991)):
- a. Mencari kambing hitam atas kegagalan sendiri.
Orang sering kali mencari alasan dan menjelaskan mengapa is gagal, tidak jarang mereka menggunakan alasan yang tidak pernah exist.
b. Menghindari tanggung jawab yang tidak menyenangkan.
Banyak orang melarikan diri dari tangung-jawab yang tidak menyenangkan dan memilih yang mereka sukai saja. Orang tipe ini biasAnya mempunyai seribu satu alasan mengapa mereka tidak mau menerima tanggung jawab tersebut.
c. Menuntut hal yang tidak masuk akal dari orang lain.
Untuk kepentingan mereka, orang tipe ini tidak malu-malu menuntut dari orang lain untuk mengerjakan sesuatu untuk mereka, walaupun tuntutan tersebut tidak masuk akal.
d. Melanggar janji.
Orang tertentu berpikir, adalah tidak menjadi soal untuk tidak memenuhi janji karena mereka memiliki hal yang lebih penting untuk dikerjakan atau “I am not in the mood.”
e. Menyelak
Menyelak, bagi orang tertentu, merupakaan hal yang exciting untuk dikerjakan. Mereka bilang, “Aku pintar, karena itu aku bisa melakukannya” atau “Gua nggak bisa menghabiskan waktu sia-sia, hanya untuk menunggu giliranku.”
f. Memberi tugas yang menyenangkan ke teman, sedangkan ada orang lain yang lebih qualified.
Untuk situasi tertentu, orang tidak menyadari atau tidak mau menyadari bahwa, “That’s what friend for” adalah tidak etis, khususnya dalam lingkungan profesional.
Yang lebih jeleknya lagi, gejala di masyarakat kita, menipu atau bahkan korupsi dianggap perbuatan yang pintar. Ngebut dalam keadaan mabuk, di anggap jago. Jelas tindakan ini tidak etis dan immoral dan melanggar hukum. Di bawah adalah prinsip-prinsip salah dan benar yang oleh setiap orang bisa dijadikan pegangan untuk bertindak:
- 1. Goden Rule: Berbuatlah terhadap mereka seperti apa yang engkau harapkan mereka akan berbuat terhadapmu.
2. Immanuel Kant’s Categorical Imperative: Jika suatu tindakan tidak benar untuk semua orang, maka tindakan itu tidak benar bagi siapa saja.
3. Descartes’ rules of change: Jika suatu tindakan tidak dapat dilakukan berulang, maka tindakan itu tidak baik dilakukan.
4. Utilitarian Principle: Lakukan sesuatu yang pencapaiannya lebih tinggi atau lebih berharga.
5. Risk Aversion Principle: Ambil tindakan yang menghasilkan paling sedikit penderitaan atau paling sedikit potensi kerugiannya.
6. The ethical “no free lunch” rule: Berasumsi bahwa semua tangible dan intangeble objek dimiliki oleh orang lain, kecuali secara specific diberitahukan itu adalah free.
7. Confucius’ Analects: Hormati orang tua. Jangan berbuat terhadap orang lain seperti apa yang engkau tidak mau orang lain berbuat terhadapmu. Bagi penguasa: Memimpinlah dengan contoh daripada dengan kekerasan. Jika penguasa sudah menggunakan kekerasan maka ia sudah gagal.
Kembali ke streotype. Dikatakan bahwa kenyataan yang negatif pada suatu suku bangsa menjadi strereotype dan stereotype menjadi kenyataan. Bagiku, hal ini tentu suatu yang tidak baik, maka itu streotype harus dihapuskan. Caranya, pertama, jangan menciptakan kenyataan bahwa kita membenarkan dan ikut terlibat dalam tindakan yang tidak etis, immoral dan melanggar hukum. Jika kita tidak bisa membantu orang lain untuk berhenti bertindak demikian, maka paling sedikit yang bisa kita lakukan adalah tidak ikut-ikutan. Kedua, jika kita sebagai bagian dari satu suku bangsa yang telah terstrereotype, buktikanlah bahwa stereotype itu tidak berlaku untuk kita.
_____
*Beni Bevly holds BA in Political Science, MBA in Marketing, and is a DBA (Doctor of Business Administration) candidate. He is the founder of Overseas Think Tank for Indonesia.
I’m glad that my department has cross-cultural communication class. In this class we learn much about stereotype, racism, and so on. For the assignments, our lecturer asked us to analyze cross-cultural communication in some movies (Wedding Banquet, Crash) and in the real world (we must go to some multicultural areas). In the end, we have a general conclusion that stereotype is useless. It brings people to separation and conflict, although it may be wrong.
Mungkin memang beberapa orang dari suku/budaya yang sama punya kemiripan karakter, karena mereka dibesarkan dengan nilai budaya yang sama. Tapi saya lihat tidak ada orang yang 100% sama, pasti ada bedanya. Contohnya tidak semua orang Jawa itu nggak to the point seperti stereotype yang menempel pada mereka. Saya kenal beberapa orang Jawa yang benar2 to the point.
Ria Wibisono
9 Apr 07 at 7:59 pm
Ria,
Beruntung sekali jika kita termasuk orang yang tidak mau termakan oleh stereotype dan sangat menyayangkan bagi mereka yang mau saja terpengaruh olehnya.
Ria telah menunjukkan kwalitas yang tinggi dengan mengaplikasikan apa yang Ria pelajari di bangku sekolah. Turuslah bersikap demikian.
Beni Bevly
10 Apr 07 at 3:30 pm
Pak Beni,
Apakah anda memiliki artikel yang berhubungan dengan “Business Ethic or Culture in Indonesia”, atasan saya adalah orang Korea dan mereka mengharapkan informasi tentang budaya perusahaan yang ada di Indonesia. Do’s and Don’t!
Terima kasih
reni
22 Nov 07 at 6:06 pm
Reni, memang aku puya rencana untuk tulis artikel yang Reni maksud. Mudah-mudahan dalam waktu dekat ini aku bisa lakukan.
Beni Bevly
23 Nov 07 at 10:56 am
hmz..pak beni..spertinya kita berasal dari budaya yg sama haha..memang byk yg blg kl medan itu tukang tipu atau laucua tapi intinya medan kui memiliki jiwa dagang yg sangat besar..tiok bo??
biar saya perkenalkan..saya juliana liu..
saya ingin meminta beberapa kasus serta artikel yg berhubungan dengan utilitarian & deontology..
mohon kerja samanya pak beni..
kamsia^^
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