RENUNGAN AKHIR TAHUN: Katakteristik Kepemimpinan Nelson Mandela (1)
Image Source: suedickinson.co.za
Oleh Beni Bevly
(Aku memilih Nelson Mandela, mantan president dan pejuang hak asasi manusia dari Afrika Selatan, sebagai renungan untuk para calon dan pemimpin komunitas Indonesia karena Mandela bukanlah seorang tokoh yang telah terlahir seperti sekarang yang kita lihat. Karakter kepemimpinan yang ia miliki adalah hasil pematangan mental, spiritual dan pikirannya selama puluhan tahun dalam kepahitan pengalaman berpolitik menentang supremasi elite kulit putih (Politik Apartheid). Dalam artikel berikut akan ditemukan bagaimana proses seorang Mandela menemukan karakter kepemimpinan yang tepat dalam dirinya yang sesuai untuk kepentingan bangsanya – penulis).
Nelson Rolihlahla (dalam bahasa Xhosa berarti Tukang Cari Gara-Gara) Mandela lahir pada tanggal 18 Juli 1918 dari isteri kepala suku subetnik Tembu, yaitu subetnik terbesar dari etnik Xhosa yang berdiam di sekitar Umtata (Transkaei). Ayahnya meninggal ketika is berusia dua belas tahun, maka perawatan dan pendidikannya diambil alih oleh Kepala Suku Utama.
Pada masa pertumbuhannya di kampung halaman, Mandela mendengar orang-oran tua di sukunya bercerita tentang masa lalu yang bahagia sebelum kedatangan orang kulit putih. Ketika itu bangsa mereka damai, di bawah pemerintahan yang demokratis, bisa bergerak dengan bebas dan penuh percaya diri, tanpa ada yang melarang atau menghalangi mereka.
Ketika itu negeri Afrika Selatan, menurut orang-orang tua tersebut, masih milik mereka, beratas nama dan hak mereka sendiri. Mereka menduduki tanah, hutan dan sungai, mereka sendirlah yang mengeluarkan tambang dan kekayaan alam mereka yang ada di dalam maupun di permukaan tanah. Mereka mendirikan dan melaksanakan pemerintahan sendiri.
Selain itu, orang tua tersebut juga menceritakan tentang peperangan yang dilakukan nenek moyang mereka dalam mempertahankan tanah air dan juga tindakan-tindakan kepahlawanan oleh para panglima dan prajurit di masa-masa jaya itu. Nama-nama Dingane dan Bambatan di kalangan orang Zulu, Hintsa, Makana, Ndlame dari Amaxhosa, dari Sekhukhuni dan lain-lainnya di urtara, disebutkan sebagai kebangaaan dan kejayaan bangsa Afrika.
Sejak itu, Mandela berharap dan besumpah bahwa pada suatu saat nanti ia akan mengembalikan sebagian atau seluruh dari keadaan Afrika Selatan yang telah hilang itu. Menurut Christopher Hope, makna emosional ini rupanya tidak bisa dianggap remeh. Ketika nilai-nilai komunal itu digabung dengan pendidikan hukum yang keras dan ditambah ajaran-ajaran Metodis yang ketat, serta dipertegas oleh cita-cita politiknya, maka hasilnya adalah seorang pemimpin yang hebat, dan diakui oleh lawan maupun kawan.
Mandela muda – yang dibaptis dan disekolahkan oleh Gereja Metodis – pada usia enambelas tahun ke Johannesburg untuk mengindari perkawinan kesukuan yang telah direncanakan oleh keluarganya. Di kota ini ia pertama kali bertemu dengan sejumlah orang kulit hitam dalam situasi yang penuh sesak manusia, razia pas jalan dan penangkapan yang tiada henti-hentinya. Keadaan ini diperburuk dengan kondisi kemiskinan yang sangat memilukan. Semua ini bagi Mandela adalah suatu sisi pemerintahan kulit putih yang sangat mengecewakan dan menyakitkan.
Pada masa kritis yang amat menentukan ini. Mandela bertemu dengan Walter Sisulu yang menjabat sebagai Sekretaris Jenderal African National Congress (ANC) waktu itu. Sisulu mengajurkan pada Mandela untuk memperdalam ilmu hukum. Lalu ia belajar secara tertulis untuk memperoleh gelar kesarjanaan di Universitas Witwaterstand dan kemudian ia tercatat di suatu badan hukum kulit putih.
Mandela bergabung dengan ANC pada tahun 1944, dalam pembelaanya di pengadilan Pretoria tanggal 22 Oktober 1962, ia mengungkapkan secara implicit tentang alsan ia bergabung:
Kebijakannya (ANC) ialah kebijakan yang menggugah batin saya yang paling dalam. Kongres (ANC) berusaha untuk mempersatukan seluruh rakyat Afrika, dengan jalan menghilangkan perselisihan-perselisihan kesukuan di kalangan mereka. Mereka berusaha memperoleh kekuasaan politik … pemersamaan hak … mengeluarkan pendapatnya ..
Sejak tahun 1944 mulailah Mandela menjalani kehidupan politiknya yang penuh hiruk-pikuk, menjadi buronan, keluar masuk penjara dan akhirnya mencapai puncak pada saat ia dibebaskan dari tahanan setelah 27 tahun mendekam dalam penjara.
Perjalanan politik Mandela – yang pada akhirnya menampilkan ia sebagai figur politik yang memiliki kemampuan untuk mempengaruhi supremasi politik elite politik kulit putih – jika dilihat lebih mendalam, terungkap adanya pergeseran dan perubahan karakteristiknya sebagai insan dan pemimpin politik. Perubahan-perubahan ini datang dari individu Mandela sendiri maupun dari persepsi orang-orang. Artikel-artikel berikut menampil perubahan karakteristik kepemimpinan dan insan politik seorang Mandela.
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*Dr. Beni Bevly holds BA in Political Science, MBA in Marketing, and DBA in Organizational Leadership. He is the founder of Overseas Think Tank for Indonesia.
Penderitaan dan kebahagiaan, kemiskinan dan kelimpahan harta, kemejuan dan keterbelakangan, ketertindasan dan kebebasan, sama-sama berpotensi mengasah calon pemimpin dengan perhatian dan kekuatan yang berbeda.
Jika Gibran berkata bahwa semakin dalam sang sukma menjalani derita, semakin mampu ia mewadahi bahagia, maka saya pikir hal sebaliknya pun juga benar.
Mandela hidup 27 tahun di penjara fisik, namun jiwanya bebas; yang sebaliknya yang mungkin lebih banyak di dunia ini.
aroengbinang
24 Dec 07 at 11:14 pm
Aroengbinang, yang aku kagumi dari Mandela bahwa akhirnya ia bisa menjembati dan melakukan rekonsiliasi di Afrika Selatan.
Yang hebatnya ia tidak mengangkangi jabatan presiden yang sebenarnya ia bisa kuasai sampai dia mati. Tetapi ia hanya menjabat satu pariode dan kemudian dia tinggalkan untuk generasi berikutnya.
Terima kasih untuk komentarnya, Aroengbinang.
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