RENUNGAN AKHIR TAHUN: Karakteristik Kepemimpinan Nelson Mandela (3)
Oleh Beni Bevly
Sisi lain dari karakteristik kepemimpinan Nelson Mandela yang patut dicatat adalah bagaimana ia mempengaruhi African National Congress (ANC) untuk merubah metode gerakan politik dari konstitusional ke inkonstitusional dan berhasil menarik lebih banyak dukungan baik dari luar maupun dalam negeri. Potensinya mempengaruhi ANC secara implicit diperlihatkan oleh Oliver Tambo yang menampilkan Mandela sebagai seorang pemimpin berbobot:
Sebagai seorang menusia, Nelson adalah seorang yang penuh semangat, emosional, sensistif , mudah tersinggung dan membalas caci maki dan melindungi. Ia secara alami melambangkan kewibawaan. Ia sudah pasti dapat memukau orang ramai; ia tampil dengan tubuh yang tinggi dan tampan, ia percaya dan dipercayai pemuda, karena ketidak-sabaran mereka juga menggambarkan ketidaksabarannya; … Ia penuh pengabdian dan tidak punya rasa takut. Ia dilahirkan sebagai pemimpin massa.
Dengan bobot yang dimilikinya, Mandela ingin bergerak dalam politik dengan cara yang lebih radikal dari yang digariskan oleh ANC. Dari berdirinya (1912) hingga terbentuknya Liga Pemuda, ANC selalu menempuh cara-cara gerakan politik yang konstitusional. Mandela, melalui Liga Pemuda pada tahun 1949, berhasil mempengaruhi ANC untuk mengesahkan Program Aksi yang menganjurkan cara-cara yang lebih radikal dan inskontitusional untuk mencapai tujuan politik.
Selanjutnya, Mandela makin intens dalam melakukan dan mengkoordinir gerakan politik yang inskontitusional tersebut. Ia tidak melihat ada cara lain selain cara kekerasan lawan kekerasan. Gerakan politik yang inskontitusional dari Mandelan mencapai puncaknya ketika ia turut membentuk Umkhonto We Sizwe pada bulan November 1961. Sabotase dan akhirnya ditambah dengan perang grilya merupakan pilihan organisasi yang dibentuk untuk menantang pemerintahan kulit putih.
Pada tahun yang sama bulan Mei, Mandela memimpin seluruh rakyat Afrika Selatan yang tidak setuju dengan kebijakan dan supremasi elite politik kulit putih untuk mengadakan aksi magok dan tinggal di rumah selama tiga hari. Akibatnya meluas secara nasional dan Mandela-pun diseret ke pengadilan. Dalam pembelaanya pada bulan Oktober 1962 ia memperlihatkan sikap inskontitusionanya secara radikal dengan mengatakan:
…, saya menganggap diri daya sendiri baik secara hukum maupun secara moral tidak berkewajiban mematuhi undang-undang yang dibuat oleh suatu parlemen yang di dalamnya tidak ada yang mewakili saya.
Pergerakan politik inskontitusional ini banyak mendapat tanggapana dan bantuan baik dari dalam maupun dari luar negeri. Dari luar negeri, ANC menerima sebagian besar persenjataan dan latihan dari Uni Soviet dan negara-begara Blok Timur.
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*Dr. Beni Bevly holds BA in Political Science, MBA in Marketing, and DBA in Organizational Leadership. He is the founder of Overseas Think Tank for Indonesia.
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