Overseas Think Tank for Indonesia

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Politik, Seks, dan Perempuan

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Semestinya mereka menyadari kekuatan perempuan sebagai pemegang kekuatan perubahan alias agent of change, yang bisa dimulai dari diri sendiri dan rumah sebagai pendidik anak-anak. Sumber gambar: smh.com.au

Oleh Jennie S. Bev

Indonesia pernah mempunyai presiden perempuan dan sekarang Megawati Sukarnoputri juga sedang berkampanye untuk pemilu presiden tahun ini. Dalam hal ini, perempuan Indonesia cukup maju karena bahkan Amerika Serikat sekali pun belum pernah dipimpin oleh presiden perempuan. Di balik tampak luar yang cukup maju, sebenarnya apakah dengan adanya presiden perempuan berarti kedudukan perempuan sudah membaik, paling tidak dari segi politis?

Mari kita kupas tiga fenomena besar. Pertama, peran perempuan sebagai pelaku politik. Kedua, peran perempuan sebagai pendamping laki-laki politisi. Ketiga, peran perempuan sebagai warga negara setara di mata hukum.

Sebagai pelaku politik, perempuan Indonesia sangat rendah representasinya di parlemen maupun badan-badan lainnya. Pemilih Indonesia 57% adalah perempuan dan 51% penduduknya adalah perempuan, namun hanya berkisar sekitar 12,8% perempuan di dalam legislatif dan eksekutif. Selain itu, menurut UNDP, tingkat hidup perempuan Indonesia hanyalah menduduki rangking 107 diapit oleh Palestina dan Syria.

Perkembangan terbaru adalah intensi penerapan kuota 30% bagi perempuan dalam badan-badan eksekutif dan legislatif. Ini sendiri mengundang pro dan kontra yang cukup sengit mengingat affirmative action seperti ini seringkali menjadi pisau bermata dua alias bisa dengan mudah menikam balik penerima kuota. Terlepas dari hal ini, kualitas kesetaraan dan penekanan gender-conscious policies merupakan inti dari representasi perempuan di dalam pemerintahan. Ini yang masih sangat rendah pengaruhnya. Dari sedemikian banyak policy dan hukum yang mendiskreditkan perempuan, hanya segelintir yang ditinjau kembali, alih-alih untuk direvisi dan diubah.

Sebagai pelaku politik, perempuan Indonesia masih perlu lebih banyak belajar akan apa yang sesungguhnya diperlukan bagi kesejahteraan bersama melalui perlakuan setara dan kesejahteraan perempuan. Semestinya mereka menyadari kekuatan perempuan sebagai pemegang kekuatan perubahan alias agent of change, yang bisa dimulai dari diri sendiri dan rumah sebagai pendidik anak-anak. Sebagai contoh, UU Anti Pornografi yang didesain dalam kerangka patriarki bisa diintervensi jauh-jauh hari sebelum disetujui dan diluncurkan. Intinya, sangat penting bagi pelaku politik perempuan Indonesia untuk memahami di titik-titik mana saja kekuatan patriarki yang mencekik leher dan bagaimana membawa diri dalam struktur ini terutama dalam mendobrak para “penjaga pintu” sistem.

Selama masa pemerintahan Megawati 2001-2003, seperti apakah kualitas policies yang dikeluarkan? Apakah sudah cukup meningkatkan kesejahteraan perempuan paling tidak dari segi ketidaktergantungan terhadap struktur yang patriarki? Apakah adanya presiden perempuan hanya mempertegas struktur patriarki yang sudah ada karena ia lebih senang berlindung di balik kekuasaan laki-laki dan aura karismatik almarhum ayahanda? Tantangan untuk para politisi perempuan.

Sebagai pendamping laki-laki politisi, ini sangatlah jelas terlihat dalam suasana kualitas dan resiprositas hubungan pasutri politisi. Biasanya suaminyalah yang berpolitik, sedangkan si nyonya biasanya duduk di barisan belakang bersama dengan ibu-ibu lainnya dan hanya akan maju ke depan apabila sang suami memintanya. Organisasi Dharma Wanita yang berslogan mandiri, demokratis, dan berwawasan merupakan cheerleaders yang baik bagi suami mereka. Seks di sini mempunyai arti yang luas dan figuratif, termasuk “sebagai” hubungan pasutri, dan organisasi ini merupakan corong dari kekuatan perempuan yang meleburkan diri ke dalam struktur patriarki dengan kekuatan (atau kelemahan?) seks. Para perempuan di sini kebanyakan adalah ibu rumah tangga yang mendukung karir suami mereka secara literal karena apa yang terjadi dengan mereka bisa dengan mudah terbawa ke garda karir suami. Berbagai kegiatan tipikal perempuan merupakan aktivitas-aktivitas utama mereka dan garis batas mereka dengan kegiatan para suami yang berhubungan erat dengan pekerjaan sangatlah nyata.

Perempuan pendamping politisi mempertegas dan memperpanjang hidupnya struktur patriarki. Seorang istri yang sukses dalam organisasi semacam Dharma Wanita dipandang telah mendongkrak karir suami. Dua pribadi melebur menjadi satu suara dalam tangga karir merupakan fenomena yang menarik namun sekaligus cukup trenyuh bagi suatu masyarakat. Kedudukan tersebut dapat dikategorikan oleh Freud sebagai “feminine-passive” yang dikuasai oleh “masculine-active.”

Idealnya, para istri mempunyai kedudukan yang setara dengan para suami dan memberikan sumbangsih produktif yang membentuk struktur lebih setara. Struktur patriarki telah sepanjang peradaban manusia membatasi masuknya ide-ide esoterik maupun pragmatik dari kaum perempuan. Struktur patriarki telah membentuk standar kemanusiaan, di mana suara perempuan “hanyalah” suara perempuan dan “bukan” suara manusia sejati. Ini bisa diimbangi melalui peran-peran perempuan di luar struktur tersebut yang bisa dimulai dari keluarga sendiri.

Sebagai warga negara setara di mata hukum, tampaknya perjalanan ini masih memerlukan waktu cukup panjang. Urgensi yang paling mendasar adalah domestic violence dan sexual harassment yang mencakup penganiyaan fisik dan mental serta perkosaan. Kasus-kasus penganiyaan seksual dan perkosaan masih merupakan lubang hitam dalam sistem hukum Indonesia. Tidak jarang mereka yang menjadi korban dijadikan korban berkali-kali oleh sistem yang menindas, pasal-pasal karet yang dapat diputarbalikkan oleh para pengacara yang cerdik, dan para penegak hukum yang korup.

Ketidaksetaraan perempuan dalam struktur patriarki sistem hukum Indonesia sudah mencapai tahap cukup memuakkan karena seorang perempuan dibatasi secara hukum dengan assumed role (UU Perkawinan di mana perempuan adalah seorang “ibu rumah tangga”) dan dengan diasumsikan tidak mempunyai tanggungan kecuali sudah menikah dan bisa dibuktikan dengan referensi suami dan pejabat daerah (UU Perpajakan di mana perempuan dikenakan pajak lebih tinggi karena diasumsikan “tergantung” sehingga tidak perlu membiayai orang lain). UU Anti Pornografi dengan pasal-pasal karetnya juga dapat digunakan dengan mudah untuk menjerat perempuan manapun yang “membangkitkan harat seksual” dengan logika yang melecehkan.

Akhir kata, seorang perempuan yang berpolitik di Indonesia mempunyai kekuatan mengubah yang besar, sepanjang ia menyadari di mana dan bagaimana bermain di sela-sela struktur patriarki yang tertanam sangat dalam. Sebagai perempuan, ia hendaknya tidak memperpetuasikan sistemik anti perempuan maupun pelecehan perempuan. Sebaliknya, sudah menjadi tugasnya untuk membangun jembatan antar jender dengan melakukan intervensi-intervensi gender conscious seperlunya. Presiden perempuan belumlah seorang presiden perempuan apabila ia masih berlindung dibalik ketiak laki-laki, memperpetuasikan patriarki, dan melecehkan sesama perempuan baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung.
____
Jennie S. Bev adalah kolumnis kelahiran Indonesia berbasis di Kalifornia Utara. Ia adalah pendiri Center for Minority, Gender and Human Rights dan bisa dijumpai di JennieSBev.com.

Written by Beni Bevly

July 23rd, 2009 at 4:23 pm

98 Responses to 'Politik, Seks, dan Perempuan'

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