Peringatan kerusuhan Mei 1998 dan wacana pluralisme
oleh Jennie S. Bev
[Catatan: Dalam artikel yang belum diedit, penulis menggunakan istilah "Tragedi Mei 1998" namun editor CGN menggunakan istilah "kerusuhan." Artikel ini adalah terjemahan dari artikel versi Bahasa Inggris.]
San Francisco, California – Pada Mei ini genap 12 tahun kerusuhan Mei 1998, sebuah peristiwa penting dalam sejarah Indonesia. Menyusul meninggalnya empat orang mahasiswa yang ikut berunjuk rasa menuntut mundurnya Presiden Suharto saat itu, orang-orang pun ramai turun ke jalan, membuat kerusuhan dan melakukan penjarahan.
Meski banyak orang menyatakan bahwa kerusuhan tersebut adalah buntut dari kekecewaan terhadap rezim yang berkuasa dan adanya pengangguran massal, komunitas orang Tionghoa-lah yang langsung menjadi sasaran amukan massa, di mana, menurut berbagai laporan, hampir 100 perempuan Tionghoa diperkosa.
Memperingati tragedi ini, kita harus mengambil kesempatan untuk meninjau kembali pluralisme etnis dan agama – toleransi terhadap keragaman kelompok dan budaya – dalam masyarakat Indonesia saat ini.
Jemma Purdey dari Jurusan Ilmu Politik University of Melbourne, yang juga penulis buku Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia 1996-1999, mengatakan bahwa orang-orang Tionghoa menjadi sasaran dalam kerusuhan ini karena pandangan umum di Indonesia bahwa mereka lah yang mengontrol ekonomi dan korup. Mispersepsi berbahaya semacam ini tersebar luas pada masa pemerintahan Suharto dan sayangnya tetap berlanjut setelah lengsernya.
Berbagai kendala untuk menghilangkan stereotip ini dan mewujudkan pluralisme sejati di Indonesia bisa dikaitkan dengan kemunculan ideologi ekstremis tertentu dan tata pemerintahan yang buruk. Dengan memahami berbagai sebab menyebarnya anti-pluralisme di Indonesia, kita bisa melihat lanskap pluralisme Indonesia dengan lebih baik, dan mudah-mudahan menginspirasi perubahan perilaku dan sikap terhadap orang-orang yang berbeda.
Misalnya, Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) – yang didirikan pada 1975 dan menjadi lembaga ulama paling penting di Indonesia – dikenal dengan fatwa-fatwanya yang melawan pluralisme, sekularisme dan liberalisme.
Dalam Islam, sebuah fatwa adalah pendapat ahli yang terpelajar dan berwawasan, namun tidak mengikat secara hukum. Meskipun demikian, banyak orang Indonesia memandang bahwa mengikuti fatwa merupakan kewajiban moril. Karena itu, fatwa-fatwa ini memengaruhi perilaku dan pikiran Muslim arus utama di Indonesia yang sebagian besar sebenarnya moderat dalam sikap dan praktik keberagamaan, yang penerimaan atas ajaran-ajaran Islam tergantung pada yang disampaikan para tokoh agama kepada mereka.
Para ulama atau kiai mempunyai tanggung jawab mengklarifikasi bahwa sebuah fatwa didasarkan pada pemahaman tertentu dari ulama terhadap sebuah masalah dan terbuka untuk ditafsirkan – atau bahkan dibantah. Nyatanya, semua ulama klasik mengakhiri fatwa mereka dengan mengatakan, “wallahu a’lam” (dan Allah lebih tahu), dan dengan demikian tidak memaksakan keabsolutan dari pendapat mereka.
MUI mestinya bisa berbuat lebih banyak karena MUI memiliki para anggota yang punya cukup kharisma untuk mempengaruhi publik dalam masalah toleransi dan pluralisme. Namun sayangnya, MUI justru diam dalam kasus-kasus penganiayaan minoritas etnis dan agama, seperti pada kasus pengusiran orang-orang Tionghoa miskin dari rumah mereka, dan penutupan paksa sebuah gereja Protestan di Bekasi.
Selain itu, para ulama dan tokoh agama tidak menjadikan ajaran-ajaran yang berorientasi pluralisme sebagai prioritas. Ini harus diubah. Sekolah-sekolah agama di Indonesia harus lebih memfokuskan kurikulum mereka pada pengajaran pluralisme dan koeksistensi damai, sembari juga menawarkan pelatihan partisipatoris tentang penghormatan terhadap multikulturalisme sehingga para murid bisa secara praktis menerapkan ajaran-ajaran ini dalam interaksi keseharian dengan orang lain. Saat ini, sekolah-sekolah ini masih membatasi diri pada menekankan kajian al-Qur’an, hadits, bahasa Arab serta sejarah dan peradaban Islam.
Yang Indonesia perlukan adalah agar semua lapisan masyarakat – dari pemerintah hingga orang awam – mendukung secara aktif dan vokal toleransi dan pluralisme beragama. Semua rakyat Indonesia harus percaya bahwa tidak ada budaya ataupun agama seseorang yang lebih baik ataupun lebih benar dari budaya ataupun agama orang lain.
Ada banyak cara untuk beramal dan beribadah. Keragaman harus diakui dan dihargai dengan dialog dan kerjasama antarkelompok etnis atau agama sehingga masing-masing dipandang sejajar dan sah.
Menyebarkan semangat pluralisme di Indonesia membutuhkan upaya yang fokus dan kemauan politik yang kuat. Rakyat Indonesia harus mendukung perubahan kesadaran dan pembaruan dalam masyarakat dengan meningkatkan kepedulian terhadap pentingnya kesetaraan dan koeksistensi damai, dan jangan sampai sebuah tragedi seperti Mei 1998 terjadi lagi.
Diterjemahkan oleh staf Common Ground News Service dari versi Bahasa Inggris 28 Mei 2010 berjudul Anniversary of Indonesian Riots Spurs Talk of Pluralism
###
* Jennie S. Bev (JennieSBev.com) adalah penulis yang tinggal di San Francisco dan kolumnis The Jakarta Post. Artikel ini ditulis untuk Kantor Berita Common Ground (CGNews).
Sumber: Kantor Berita Common Ground (CGNews), 28 Mei 2010, www.commongroundnews.org
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